{"id":1457,"date":"2024-07-24T17:00:23","date_gmt":"2024-07-24T14:00:23","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legelaw.com\/?p=1457"},"modified":"2024-07-30T22:35:11","modified_gmt":"2024-07-30T19:35:11","slug":"turkiye-gonullu-karbon-piyasalarinin-degerlendirilmesi","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legelaw.com\/tr\/turkiye-gonullu-karbon-piyasalarinin-degerlendirilmesi\/","title":{"rendered":"T\u00fcrkiye G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi"},"content":{"rendered":"

T\u00fcrkiye G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi<\/h1><\/div>
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G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u00fcresel bir felaket olarak de\u011ferlendirilen iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u00f6nlenmesinin yine k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek eylemlerle m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadelede uluslararas\u0131 \u00f6l\u00e7ekte \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar ve i\u015fbirli\u011fi yap\u0131lmas\u0131 ihtiyac\u0131n\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131karm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu kapsamda, \u00fclkelere \u00f6zelliklerine ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak de\u011fi\u015fik y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fckler getiren Birle\u015fmi\u015f Milletler \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi \u00c7er\u00e7eve S\u00f6zle\u015fmesi ve Kyoto Protokol\u00fc gibi uluslararas\u0131 s\u00f6zle\u015fmeler imzalanm\u0131\u015f ve bu s\u00f6zle\u015fmelerle iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadelede kullan\u0131lmak \u00fczere, maliyet etkin bir y\u00f6ntem olarak k\u00fcresel bir karbon piyasas\u0131 ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Esneklik mekanizmalar\u0131 gibi zorunlu ara\u00e7lar ve g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fcl\u00fck esas\u0131na dayanan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasas\u0131 sayesinde \u00fclkeler ve firmalar sera gaz\u0131 azalt\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelik projeler geli\u015ftirebilmekte ve bu projeler neticesinde elde ettikleri sera gaz\u0131 azalt\u0131m sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 karbon piyasalar\u0131nda satabilmektedirler. Bu \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmada, d\u00fcnyadaki karbon piyasa t\u00fcrlerinin mevcut durumu incelenmi\u015f, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin, iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi rejimi kapsam\u0131nda sahip oldu\u011fu ayr\u0131cal\u0131kl\u0131 konumu nedeniyle halen belirsizli\u011fini koruyan karbon piyasalar\u0131ndan yararlanabilme imk\u00e2nlar\u0131 \u00fczerinde de\u011ferlendirmeler yap\u0131lm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.<\/p>\n

G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Ticareti S\u00fcrecinin Temel \u00d6zellikleri<\/h5>\n
    \n
  • Zorunlu uygulamalara (KP Esneklik D\u00fczenekleri) g\u00f6re daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir s\u00fcre\u00e7tir<\/li>\n
  • Karbon ticareti farkl\u0131 \u015fekillerde ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilebilir, bundan dolay\u0131 karbon sal\u0131m azalt\u0131m\u0131 daha esnek ve yeni bi\u00e7imlerde sa\u011flanabilir.<\/li>\n
  • Devletin belirledi\u011fi politikalar ve hedeflerden ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak geli\u015ftirilebilir. Kat\u0131l\u0131m i\u00e7in bir s\u0131n\u0131rlama yoktur.<\/li>\n
  • G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon azalt\u0131m s\u00fcre\u00e7lerinde olu\u015fan karbon kredilerinin (VER) standartlar\u0131 ve ticareti kurallar\u0131 konusunda belirsizlikler vard\u0131r.<\/li>\n
  • Kyoto Protokol\u00fc kapsam\u0131na girmeyen sekt\u00f6rler ve \u00fclkelerde ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n

    Avrupa Birli\u011fi (AB), Avrupa Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131\u2019nda Avrupa\u2019n\u0131n 2050 y\u0131l\u0131nda iklim n\u00f6tr hale gelmesi i\u00e7in belirlenen hedefi Avrupa \u0130klim Yasas\u0131 ile kanun haline getirmi\u015ftir. Yasa AB\u2019nin 2030 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltarak 1990 y\u0131l\u0131ndaki emisyon seviyelerinin %55 oran\u0131nda alt\u0131na d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrme hedefini de kapsamaktad\u0131r. \u0130klim n\u00f6trl\u00fc\u011f\u00fcn\u00fcn sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in, emisyonlar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131 ve ye\u015fil teknolojilere yat\u0131r\u0131m yap\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekmektedir<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasalar\u0131, organizasyonlar\u0131n \u00e7e\u015fitli nedenlerle emisyon azalt\u0131m y\u00fck\u00fcml\u00fcl\u00fcklerini yerine getirmek i\u00e7in karbon kredisi sat\u0131n alabilecekleri piyasalar olarak tan\u0131mlan\u0131yor. Net-s\u0131f\u0131r ekonomilere ge\u00e7i\u015f s\u00fcrecinde \u015firketlerin emisyon azalt\u0131m \u00e7abalar\u0131na ra\u011fmen kalan emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 gidermeleri i\u00e7in g\u00fc\u00e7l\u00fc bir alternatif olarak \u00f6ne \u00e7\u0131kan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n hacmi her ge\u00e7en g\u00fcn art\u0131yor.<\/p>\n

    Bununla birlikte, emisyonlar\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131nda \u015feffafl\u0131k ve do\u011frulu\u011fun artmas\u0131 i\u00e7in bu alanda hukuki d\u00fczenlemelere de ihtiya\u00e7 duyuluyor. Yeterli d\u00fczenlemelerin olmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 karbon piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n, d\u00fcnya genelinde net-s\u0131f\u0131r hedefine ula\u015f\u0131lmas\u0131n\u0131 yava\u015flatma ihtimali bulunuyor.<\/p>\n

    Karbon piyasalar\u0131nda emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 dengelemek isteyen akt\u00f6rler, sahip olduklar\u0131 finansal kaynaklar\u0131, \u00e7e\u015fitli yollarla sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltan veya \u00f6nleyen projeleri hayata ge\u00e7iren akt\u00f6rlere aktar\u0131yor. Bu finansal kayna\u011f\u0131n sa\u011flanmamas\u0131 durumunda hayata ge\u00e7irilemeyecek projelerin karbon kredileri ile desteklenmesi, emisyonlar\u0131n azalt\u0131m\u0131 a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan fayda sa\u011fl\u0131yor. Paris \u0130klim Anla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n 6. Maddesi karbon kredilerinin ne \u015fekilde kullan\u0131laca\u011f\u0131na dair h\u00fck\u00fcmler i\u00e7eriyor. PA\u2019n\u0131n 6. maddesi, taraflar aras\u0131ndaki g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fck esas\u0131na dayal\u0131 i\u015fbirliklerini ifade etmekte ve sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131n azalt\u0131lmas\u0131na ve s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nman\u0131n desteklenmesine y\u00f6nelik d\u00fczenlemeler i\u00e7ermektedir.<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasalar\u0131, uluslararas\u0131 kamu veya \u00f6zel kredi mekanizmalar\u0131 ile bu kredilerin sat\u0131n al\u0131nabildi\u011fi marketlerdir. Karbon kredileri kendi i\u00e7erisinde karbon azaltma\/\u00f6nleme (yenilenebilir enerji, ormanlar\u0131n korunmas\u0131, end\u00fcstriyel tesislerde karbon yakalama ve depolama sistemleri vb.) ve karbon giderme (a\u011fa\u00e7 dikilmesi, topra\u011f\u0131n g\u00fc\u00e7lendirilmesi, direkt hava karbon yakalama ve depolama gibi teknolojik \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcmler) olarak ikiye ayr\u0131l\u0131yor. Karbon kredilerini sa\u011flayanlar genellikle yenilenebilir enerji ve orman projeleri iken, bu kredilere y\u00f6nelik talepler ise a\u011f\u0131rl\u0131kl\u0131 olarak petrol, gaz ve petrokimya end\u00fcstrilerinden geliyor.<\/p>\n

    2020 y\u0131l\u0131nda yakla\u015f\u0131k piyasa hacmi 2 milyar dolar olan g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon piyasalar\u0131n\u0131n 2050 y\u0131l\u0131na kadar 250 dolar piyasa hacmine ula\u015fmas\u0131 bekleniyor.<\/p>\n

    G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon sertifikalar\u0131 genellikle iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi ile m\u00fccadele konusunda duyarl\u0131 olan veya global raporlama yapan kurumsal firmalar taraf\u0131ndan tercih edilmektedir. Proje kabul \u015fartlar\u0131na ba\u011fl\u0131 olarak \u00e7o\u011funlukla RES\u2019lerin tercih etti\u011fi GS ve HES\u2019lerin tercih etti\u011fi Verra standartlar\u0131na \u015fuanda yeni proje kabul\u00fc al\u0131nmamaktad\u0131r. \u00c7evre \u015eehircilik ve \u0130klim De\u011fi\u015fikli\u011fi Bakanl\u0131\u011f\u0131\u2019n\u0131n G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Projeleri \u00c7evrimi\u00e7i Kay\u0131t Sistemi de aktif olarak kullan\u0131lmamaktad\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    Paris Antla\u015fmas\u0131\u2019n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131 ile birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin, sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik sundu\u011fu hedefleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmesi i\u00e7in YEK\u2019den elektrik \u00fcretimini artt\u0131rarak hedeflenen YEK kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcne ula\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu hedefin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131na sebep olan end\u00fcstrilerin YEK kaynakl\u0131 elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelmeleri, sebep olduklar\u0131 karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse n\u00f6trlemek amac\u0131yla karbon sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Firmalar\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon kredisi alarak \u00e7evreye \u00f6nem veren firma profillerine sahip olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon kredisi kullanmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca karbon emisyonuna sahip t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerin, emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 n\u00f6trlemek ad\u0131na g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc piyasalara y\u00f6nlendirilmeleri, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc piyasalar\u0131n geli\u015fimine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak, firmalar\u0131n da \u00e7evresel s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ad\u0131na karbon s\u0131f\u0131r hedeflerine ula\u015fmalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye Zorunlu Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019na hen\u00fcz kat\u0131lmasa da, 2005 y\u0131l\u0131ndan bu yana KP\u2019de bahsedilen esneklik mekanizmalar\u0131ndan ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak i\u015fleyen, G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019nda yer almaktad\u0131r. G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019nda \u00f6nemli bir role sahip olan T\u00fcrkiye, Avrupa\u2019daki en b\u00fcy\u00fck g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon kredisi sat\u0131c\u0131s\u0131d\u0131r. 2007-2016 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda 200 milyon ABD dolar\u0131n\u0131n \u00fczerinde yakla\u015f\u0131k 37 MtCO2 e\u015fd. i\u015flem ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye, 2016 y\u0131l\u0131nda 1,9 MtCO2 e\u015fd. i\u015flemi ile k\u00fcresel olarak g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon dengelemelerinde Hindistan, Amerika Birle\u015fik Devletleri, Kore, \u00c7in ve Brezilya\u2019dan sonra gelen alt\u0131nc\u0131 en b\u00fcy\u00fck tedarik\u00e7i konumuna gelmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de geli\u015ftirilen g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon kredilerinin \u00e7o\u011fu RES, HES ve biyok\u00fctle enerji santrali (BES) projelerinden geli\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. T\u00fcrkiye\u2019de karbon sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 tercih eden \u015firketler \u00e7o\u011funlukla k\u00fcresel men\u015feili olup, uluslararas\u0131 s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik raporlamalar\u0131nda kullanmak amac\u0131yla sertifika sat\u0131n almaktad\u0131rlar. \u0130klim krizinin fark\u0131nda olan ve \u00e7evreye kar\u015f\u0131 duyarl\u0131 olan yerel \u015firketler de herhangi bir zorunluluklar\u0131 olmamas\u0131na ra\u011fmen karbon sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 tercih edebilmektedirler. AB, Ye\u015fil Mutabakat \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde karbon n\u00f6tr olmay\u0131 hedeflemekte ve karbon ayakizini en aza indirmek i\u00e7in al\u0131nan tedbirlerden biri olan s\u0131n\u0131rda karbon vergisini ticari faaliyetlere sahip oldu\u011fu \u00fclkelere uygulamay\u0131 planlamaktad\u0131r. \u0130hracat\u0131n\u0131n b\u00fcy\u00fck \u00e7o\u011funlu\u011funu Avrupa \u00fclkelerine yapan \u00fclkemiz, emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 takdirde ticari olarak kay\u0131p ya\u015fayabilecektir.<\/p>\n

    T\u00fcrkiye toplam ihracat\u0131n\u0131n %50\u2019sini AB ile yaparak, AB\u2019nin 5. b\u00fcy\u00fck ticaret orta\u011f\u0131d\u0131r. Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u2019a uyum s\u00fcrecinde AB iklim hedeflerini sa\u011flamak ve emisyon seviyelerini d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcrmek ad\u0131na T\u00fcrkiye\u2019ye ihra\u00e7 etti\u011fi \u00fcr\u00fcnler i\u00e7in vergi uygulayacak, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019deki s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve ye\u015fil olmayan \u00fcretimler kredi kurulu\u015flar\u0131 ve kalk\u0131nma bankalar\u0131n\u0131n finansman deste\u011fini almada zorlanacak, yurt d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki yat\u0131r\u0131mc\u0131lar\u0131n da yat\u0131r\u0131mlar\u0131n\u0131n bir b\u00f6l\u00fcm\u00fcn\u00fc s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir harcamalara ay\u0131rmas\u0131 gerekece\u011finden s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir ve karbon yo\u011fun olmayan \u015firketleri tercih etmeyeceklerdir. \u00d6zellikle elektrik \u00fcreticileri, s\u0131n\u0131rda karbon vergisi uygulamas\u0131 nedeniyle y\u00fcksek karbon maliyetiyle kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya kalaca\u011f\u0131ndan, olas\u0131 sonu\u00e7lar ve etkiler konusunda fizibilite \u00e7al\u0131\u015fmalar\u0131n\u0131 yapmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. \u0130lk olarak karbon yo\u011fun end\u00fcstrilerin ba\u015f\u0131nda gelen \u00e7imento, demir \u00e7elik, al\u00fcminyum, g\u00fcbre ve elektrik sekt\u00f6rlerini kapsayacak olan s\u0131n\u0131rda karbon vergisi uygulamas\u0131, bir\u00e7ok alanda karbonsuz ekonomiye ge\u00e7i\u015fi sa\u011flayacak, s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilir kalk\u0131nmaya da destek olacakt\u0131r. AB Ye\u015fil Mutabakat\u0131 ile birlikte d\u00f6ng\u00fcsel ekonomi \u00f6nem kazanacak, \u00fclkemizin de AB Ye\u015fil Mutabakat ve D\u00f6ng\u00fcsel Ekonomi\u2019ye uyum \u00e7er\u00e7evesinde mevzuatlar\u0131n\u0131 g\u00fcncellenmesi gerekecektir. T\u00fcrkiye 83 milyon n\u00fcfuslu, 1999-2019 y\u0131llar\u0131 aras\u0131nda y\u0131ll\u0131k ortalama %5-6 b\u00fcy\u00fcme oran\u0131yla b\u00fcy\u00fcyen bir \u00fclkedir. \u00dclkenin geli\u015fmesiyle birlikte ihtiya\u00e7 duyulan enerji miktar\u0131 da artaca\u011f\u0131ndan, T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin enerji talebinin, \u00f6n\u00fcm\u00fczdeki 10 y\u0131l i\u00e7inde iki kat\u0131na katlanmas\u0131 beklenmektedir<\/p>\n

    PA\u2019n\u0131n onaylanmas\u0131 ile birlikte T\u00fcrkiye\u2019nin, sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmaya y\u00f6nelik sundu\u011fu hedefleri ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirebilmesi i\u00e7in YEK\u2019den elektrik \u00fcretimini artt\u0131rarak hedeflenen YEK kurulu g\u00fcc\u00fcne ula\u015fmas\u0131 gerekmektedir. Bu hedefin sa\u011flanmas\u0131 i\u00e7in de sera gaz\u0131 emisyonlar\u0131na sebep olan end\u00fcstrilerin YEK kaynakl\u0131 elektrik kullan\u0131m\u0131na y\u00f6nelmeleri, sebep olduklar\u0131 karbon emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 azaltmak m\u00fcmk\u00fcnse n\u00f6trlemek amac\u0131yla karbon sertifikalar\u0131n\u0131 kullanmalar\u0131 gerekmektedir. Firmalar\u0131n g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon kredisi alarak \u00e7evreye \u00f6nem veren firma profillerine sahip olmalar\u0131 i\u00e7in g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc karbon kredisi kullanmalar\u0131 te\u015fvik edilmelidir. Ayr\u0131ca karbon emisyonuna sahip t\u00fcm sekt\u00f6rlerin, emisyonlar\u0131n\u0131 n\u00f6trlemek ad\u0131na g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc piyasalara y\u00f6nlendirilmeleri, g\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc piyasalar\u0131n geli\u015fimine katk\u0131 sa\u011flayacak, firmalar\u0131n da \u00e7evresel s\u00fcrd\u00fcr\u00fclebilirlik ad\u0131na karbon s\u0131f\u0131r hedeflerine ula\u015fmalar\u0131na olanak sa\u011flayacakt\u0131r.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1784,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1457","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr"],"yoast_head":"\nT\u00fcrkiye G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi - Lege Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"G\u00fcn\u00fcm\u00fczde k\u00fcresel bir felaket olarak de\u011ferlendirilen iklim de\u011fi\u015fikli\u011finin \u00f6nlenmesinin yine k\u00fcresel \u00e7apta ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilecek eylemlerle\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legelaw.com\/tr\/turkiye-gonullu-karbon-piyasalarinin-degerlendirilmesi\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"T\u00fcrkiye G\u00f6n\u00fcll\u00fc Karbon Piyasalar\u0131\u2019n\u0131n De\u011ferlendirilmesi - 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