{"id":1199,"date":"2020-07-30T17:19:03","date_gmt":"2020-07-30T14:19:03","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.legelaw.com\/?p=1199"},"modified":"2024-07-29T00:03:08","modified_gmt":"2024-07-28T21:03:08","slug":"yapay-zekanin-hukuki-durumu-i","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.legelaw.com\/tr\/yapay-zekanin-hukuki-durumu-i\/","title":{"rendered":"Yapay Zekan\u0131n Hukuki Durumu \u2013 I"},"content":{"rendered":"

Yapay Zekan\u0131n Hukuki Durumu \u2013 I<\/h1><\/div>
<\/div><\/div>

Yapay Zekan\u0131n Ki\u015filik Sorunu<\/h4>\n

Giri\u015f<\/h4>\n

Yapay zeka ve robot biliminin geli\u015fmesiyle beraber, insanlar ve makineler aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fim farkl\u0131 ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r. Bu etkile\u015fim beraberinde, pek \u00e7ok yasal problemi ve hukuki d\u00fczenlemelerin yap\u0131lmad\u0131\u011f\u0131 yeni bir hukuki alan\u0131 da getirmi\u015ftir. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, yapay zekan\u0131n hukuki durumunun ne olabilece\u011fi sorusunu g\u00fcndeme gelmi\u015ftir; \u00e7\u00fcnk\u00fc yapay zekan\u0131n hukuki durumu ve yapay zekan\u0131n sebep oldu\u011fu zararlar\u0131n sorumlulu\u011funun nas\u0131l belirlenece\u011fi akla ilk gelen sorunlardand\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fcrk Medeni Hukukunda Ki\u015filik Kavram\u0131<\/h4>\n

4721 say\u0131l\u0131 T\u00fcrk Medeni Kanunu\u2019nun (TMK) ilk kitab\u0131 Ki\u015filer Hukuku\u2019dur. T\u00fcrk hukukuna g\u00f6re, hukuk alan\u0131nda bilinen ve kabul edilen iki t\u00fcr ki\u015filik vard\u0131r. Bunlar ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filik ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filiklerdir. Bu ayr\u0131m, yaln\u0131zca T\u00fcrk hukukunda de\u011fil, t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hukuk sistemlerinde de ge\u00e7erlidir.<\/p>\n

Ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer insand\u0131r. Bu, t\u00fcm \u00e7a\u011fda\u015f hukuk sistemleri taraf\u0131ndan kabul edilmektedir. Ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filer, haklara sahip olma ve bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na girebilme konusunda cinsiyet, ya\u015f, etnik k\u00f6ken ve ekonomik stat\u00fc farkl\u0131l\u0131klar\u0131na tabi olmadan e\u015fittir. Herkes sadece insan olmas\u0131ndan dolay\u0131 haklara sahip olabilir ve bor\u00e7 alt\u0131na girebilir. Bu anlamda, herkesin ehliyet hakk\u0131 vard\u0131r.<\/p>\n

T\u00fczel ki\u015filer, insanlar\u0131n d\u0131\u015f\u0131nda kalan ve belirli bir amaca y\u00f6nelmi\u015f ve ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip ki\u015fi veya mallar toplulu\u011fudur. T\u00fczel ki\u015filer insan de\u011fildir, ancak sosyal hayat\u0131n gerekliliklerinden \u00f6t\u00fcr\u00fc, hukuk devleti taraf\u0131ndan verilmi\u015f olan bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahiptir. T\u00fczel ki\u015fileri hakk\u0131n konusu olarak kabul etmenin iki sebebe dayand\u0131\u011f\u0131 s\u00f6ylenebilir.<\/p>\n

Birincisi, insan hayat\u0131 s\u0131n\u0131rl\u0131d\u0131r; bu nedenle, insan ya\u015fam\u0131 belirli ama\u00e7lar\u0131n ger\u00e7ekle\u015ftirilmesi i\u00e7in yeterli de\u011fildir.
\n\u0130kincisi, baz\u0131 hedeflere ula\u015fmak i\u00e7in insanlar\u0131n kendi insani g\u00fc\u00e7lerinden daha fazlas\u0131na ihtiyac\u0131 vard\u0131r.
\nBu sebepledir ki; t\u00fczel ki\u015filer bu iki amaca hizmet eder ve insan\u0131n yarat\u0131l\u0131\u015f\u0131na \u00f6zg\u00fc \u00f6zellikler hari\u00e7, ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filerin t\u00fcm \u00f6zelliklerine sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Yapay Zekan\u0131n Ki\u015fili\u011fi<\/h4>\n

Yapay zekan\u0131n hukuki durumu ile ilgili olarak ortaya at\u0131lan ilk g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f \u201cmal g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc\u201d d\u00fcr. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f, yapay zekan\u0131n di\u011fer herhangi bir cihaz gibi bir ki\u015finin nesnesi olarak kabul edilmesinin sonucu olarak ortaya \u00e7\u0131km\u0131\u015ft\u0131r ve do\u011fal olarak yapay zekan\u0131n ger\u00e7ek ve t\u00fczel ki\u015filerin m\u00fclkiyetinde olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini i\u015faret etmektedir.<\/p>\n

Ancak bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f doktrinde baz\u0131 yazarlar taraf\u0131ndan ele\u015ftirilirmi\u015ftir. Her \u015feyden \u00f6nce, yapay zeka basit bir ara\u00e7 de\u011fildir. Yapay zeka baz\u0131 bili\u015fsel \u00f6zelliklere sahiptir ve tamamen \u00f6zerk ve son derece ak\u0131ll\u0131 yapay zeka \u00f6rneklerinin ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131 art\u0131k sadece bir zaman meselesidir. Ek olarak, bug\u00fcn kar\u015f\u0131 kar\u015f\u0131ya oldu\u011fumuz yapay zeka t\u00fcrleri, bir ki\u015fiden \u00e7ok daha h\u0131zl\u0131 \u00f6\u011frenme, \u00e7evreye \u00f6ng\u00f6r\u00fclemeyen bir \u015fekilde uyum sa\u011flama ve b\u00f6ylece kendi yarat\u0131c\u0131lar\u0131na zarar verme potansiyeline de sahiptir.<\/p>\n

Yapay zekan\u0131n doktrinde yasal durumuna dair bir ba\u015fka g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f de \u2018\u2019k\u00f6le g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcd\u00fcr\u2019\u2019. Bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f asl\u0131nda yapay zekan\u0131n bir \u00fcr\u00fcn olarak g\u00f6r\u00fcld\u00fc\u011f\u00fc fikrine dayanan ve mal teorisinin savunucular\u0131 taraf\u0131ndan ortaya at\u0131lan bir teoridir. Ayr\u0131ca bu g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn savunucular\u0131 yapay zekan\u0131n insanlar taraf\u0131ndan k\u00f6lele\u015ftirilmesi gerekti\u011fini savunmaktad\u0131rlar. Bu nedenledir ki; hukuk sistemlerinin yapay zekan\u0131n hukuki durumunu k\u00f6lelik olarak d\u00fczenlemesi gerekti\u011fi savunulmaktad\u0131r. Ancak k\u00f6lelik, modern hukuk sistemleri taraf\u0131ndan terk edilmi\u015f bir kavramd\u0131r ve art\u0131k bu kavrama tekrardan geri d\u00f6n\u00fclmek istenmemektedir.<\/p>\n

Her iki teorinin kusurlu noktas\u0131, yapay zekan\u0131n basit bir e\u015fya olarak nitelendirilmesi veya bir k\u00f6le olarak g\u00f6r\u00fclmesidir. Aksine, yapay zeka bir insan olarak d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclmelidir. Bununla birlikte, bu ki\u015filik, insanlar\u0131n sahip oldu\u011fu ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filik de\u011fildir, ancak bir dernekte yahut vak\u0131fta oldu\u011fu gibi t\u00fczel ki\u015filik olabilir. Yapay zekan\u0131n insan d\u0131\u015f\u0131ndaki herhangi bir \u015feyden daha ger\u00e7ek olmas\u0131 epistemolojik ve ontolojik nedenlerden dolay\u0131 m\u00fcmk\u00fcn de\u011fildir. Yapay zekan\u0131n t\u00fczel ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 son derece muhtemeldir. T\u00fczel ki\u015filik g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015f\u00fc yapay zekan\u0131n potansiyeli ve bili\u015fsel \u00f6zellikleri ile uyumlu bir g\u00f6r\u00fc\u015ft\u00fcr. Ancak, t\u00fczel ki\u015filik ve yapay zekaya ki\u015fili\u011fi verme fikri doktrinde \u00e7ok\u00e7a ele\u015ftirilmi\u015ftir. Bunlar kabul edilebilir ele\u015ftirilerdir. Zira, ilk ba\u015fta, insanlar bir dernek veya \u015firkete t\u00fczel ki\u015filik verme konusunda son derece isteksiz ve \u00e7ekingen davranm\u0131\u015flard\u0131r. Ve bug\u00fcn, yapay zekaya bir ki\u015filik kazand\u0131rmak nispeten yeni (ama tart\u0131\u015fmas\u0131z) bir fikir olarak kabul edilir. Bununla birlikte, yapay zekan\u0131n hukuki durumu hakk\u0131ndaki t\u00fcm bu tart\u0131\u015fmalar, Avrupa Parlamentosu\u2019nun devrim niteli\u011finde bir raporuyla tamamen de\u011fi\u015fmi\u015ftir.<\/p>\n

AB\u2019de Son Geli\u015fmeler<\/h4>\n

27 Ocak 2017\u2019de Avrupa Parlamentosu, Avrupa Parlamentosu Hukuk \u0130\u015fleri Komisyonu\u2019nun Yapay Zeka ile ilgili gelecekteki sorunlar\u0131n \u00e7\u00f6z\u00fcm\u00fc i\u00e7in yasal bir temel olu\u015fturmak \u00fczere bir dizi \u00f6neri i\u00e7eren Robot Tavsiye Karar\u0131 Raporu\u2019nu yay\u0131mlad\u0131. Bu Raporun en dikkat \u00e7ekici ve devrim niteli\u011findeki \u00f6zelli\u011fi, yapay zek\u00e2ya elektronik ki\u015fili\u011fin verilmesi \u00f6nerisidir. K\u0131saca i\u015fbu rapor, uzun vadede robotlar i\u00e7in \u00f6zel bir hukuki stat\u00fc olu\u015fturulmas\u0131n\u0131 tavsiye ediyor.<\/p>\n

Robotlara elektronik ki\u015filik verilmesini \u00f6neren bu rapora g\u00f6re, robotlar verdikleri zararlardan sorumlu olabilir. Robotlar da ba\u015fka durumlarda bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahipler olabilirler, \u00f6rne\u011fin \u00f6zerk kararlar alabilirler ve do\u011frudan d\u00fc\u015f\u00fcn\u00fclebilecek \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc \u015fah\u0131slarla ba\u011f\u0131ms\u0131z olarak ileti\u015fim kurabilirler. Raporda ayr\u0131ca, en ileri yapay zeka t\u00fcr\u00fcn\u00fcn ortaya \u00e7\u0131kmas\u0131n\u0131n ancak elektronik ki\u015filik teklifi kabul edilirse m\u00fcmk\u00fcn olabilece\u011fi belirtiliyor.<\/p>\n

Avrupa Parlamentosu, sadece yapay zekan\u0131n bir ki\u015fili\u011fe sahip olmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini de\u011fil, ayr\u0131ca yapay zeka konusunda yap\u0131lan tart\u0131\u015fmalardaki konumunu a\u00e7\u0131k\u00e7a g\u00f6stermi\u015ftir. Ayr\u0131ca, t\u00fczel ve ger\u00e7ek ki\u015filik kavramlar\u0131n\u0131n yan\u0131 s\u0131ra, yeni ve \u00fc\u00e7\u00fcnc\u00fc tip olan ki\u015fili\u011fin \u2018\u2019elektronik ki\u015filik\u2019\u2019 olarak adland\u0131r\u0131lmas\u0131 gerekti\u011fini belirtti. Sadece robotik olarak de\u011fil, ayn\u0131 zamanda ki\u015filer hukuku a\u00e7\u0131s\u0131ndan da, sadece yapay zekan\u0131n sahip olabilece\u011fi yeni bir ki\u015filik t\u00fcr\u00fc olarak elektronik ki\u015filik kavram\u0131, yeni bir d\u00f6nemin \u00f6nc\u00fcs\u00fcd\u00fcr.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1682,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[5],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-1199","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized-tr"],"yoast_head":"\nYapay Zekan\u0131n Hukuki Durumu \u2013 I - Lege Law<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Yapay zeka ve robot biliminin geli\u015fmesiyle beraber, insanlar ve makineler aras\u0131ndaki etkile\u015fim farkl\u0131 ve daha karma\u015f\u0131k bir boyut kazanm\u0131\u015ft\u0131r.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.legelaw.com\/tr\/yapay-zekanin-hukuki-durumu-i\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"tr_TR\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Yapay Zekan\u0131n Hukuki Durumu \u2013 I - 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